Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- essays research papers fc

womanly Genital MutilationBarbaric Custom or Cultural RiteI was move out of my skin with fear. I sat at Netsents head so she couldnt cry out. The circumciser began to cut with a razor blade. She cut everything the clitoris, the knowledgeable and outer labia. There was so much blood This is an excerpt from an article that appeared in Marie Claire in April 2003. The speaker is a girl by the name of genet Girma, an Ethiopian, describing the conditions under which her sister Netsent was forced to have her genitalia removed. Each year, two million girls undergo the devastating and disfiguring practice of genital cutting (Goodwin 157). Genital cutting, astray known as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), is the practice of cutting away carve ups of the external female genitalia. Although many people whitethorn see FGM as barbaric and dangerous, most of those who practice it see FGM as a religious rite and as a deeply rooted cultural practice.The three gigantic categories of FGM are clit oridectomy, excision and infibulation. The mildest form of FGM, clitoridectomy, is the removal of all or part of the clitoris. Excision includes the removal of the clitoris and the cutting of the labia minora. The most extreme form of FGM is infibulation, the removal of the clitoris, labia minora, and the stitching together of the labia majora. Infibulation leaves just a small opening in the vagina for the passage of body of water and menstrual fluid, and requires binding together of the legs until stitches adhere. Often the removal of the stitches is part of a wedding night ritual (Taylor 31). If the terrifying nature of the procedure were not enough, the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) reports that FGM is normally performed by traditional practitioners with vernacular instruments, such as knives, razor blades and broken glass, usually without anesthetics.The invasive characteristics of FGM and the unsanitary conditions under which it is usually performed can have serious consequences. Pediatric Nursing writes FGM may cause numerous physical complications, including hemorrhage and severe pain, which can cause shock, even death. It also writes FGM may create long-term complications resulting from scarring and interference with the drainage of urine and menstrual blood, such as chronic pelvic infections, which may cause pelvic and back pain, dysmenorrhea, infertility, chronic urinary tract infe... ...ce (Ahmad). As WHO has stated, We have to hit that female genital mutilation is a deeply-rooted traditional practice. As such, it can only be abolished completely when attitudes have been changed (Taylor 31). As this statement suggests, there has to be a line drawn in the sand when discussing the practice of FGM. On one side, there are Western idealists who believe that FGM is barbaric and should be abolished, with their own work force if necessary. On the other side, there are the people who believe FGM is a tradition and a cultural rite, one that sho uld be continued for centuries to come. And somewhere in the middle there are those that believe that change must come, but must come only when the countries involved are ready. Change cannot be correct upon them. Works CitedAhmad, Imad-ad-Dean. Female Genital Mutilation An Islamic Perspective. Minaret. 1 May 2003 .English, Veronica. Female Genital Mutilation. Journal of Medical Ethics 27.3 (2001) 203-205.Goodwin, Jan. I Said No to Female Genital Mutilation. Marie Claire 10.4 (2003) 157-159.Taylor, Vivienne. Female Genital Mutilation Cultural Practice or Child Abuse? Pediatric Nursing 15.1 (2003) 31-34.

State Parks Essay -- Personal Experience, Outdoor Leisure, Recreation

Growing up in a county with two province park ten miles either way from me, a plenty of my summer holidays and family events were held there. I always found that environment to be very enjoyable. put in set are a great resource for outdoor leisure and recreation, have a good economic impact and benefit communities in numerous ways. The lay are filled with numerous activities and educational experiences, all of which can be enjoyed in the presence of nature. Most state parks offer their visitors the opportunity to learn. State park environmental educators, also known as lifelikeists, help visitors understand and appreciate that area they are in. They also work with teachers and students to help stress the immensity of awareness on environmental issues, education and prevention. Although different parks vary between seasons and types of programs provided, they can accommodate all age groups and types of people. For example, activities and accessibility are provided for v isitors with disabilities. pappa state parks even offer programs and activities for educators. The variety of workshops can provide educators with resources or materials to use in their classrooms and even fulfill Act 48 assign or hours. Classroom visits to educate on environmental sciences and resources can also be arranged most being hands on, outdoor educating. A lot of Pennsylvania state parks offer organizations and different kinds of groups for schools. These are offered for all ages, kindergarten through senior year, and work with the students according to grade level. Award winning programs such as the Watershed Education program, are offered across the state of Pennsylvania for grades six through twelve. These programs have to goal to... ...showed local gas stations, grocery stores, restaurants and disallow all making big money due to these nearby parks. The results also showed an increase of over two-hundred fifty million dollars from total sales and about fiv e-hundred new-sprung(prenominal) jobs were created from the last economic impact study.(dcnr economic report) State parks clearly have are impacting the economy in a good sense.State parks are very important places. The publics use of these places is important in societal activity in the United States with economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts.(sr4) It would be a shame to lose any of these parks. Not only do they provide recreation, but they protect and preserve what is left of Americas natural resources and beauty. State parks are one of the best kept secrets of vacation and recreation spots because of all they have to offer.

Native Son Essay: Analysis of Setting, Major, and Minor Themes

Analysis of Setting, Major, and Minor Themesof Native Son The major themes of Native Son are environment, racism, black rage, religion, Communism, determinism and freedom. A minor theme is the relationship between men and women. One of the major themes of Native Son is the effect of environment on behavior and personality. Thus, setting is peculiarly important in the novel. The story takes place in Chicago in the late 1930s, when the United States had still not recovered from the Great Depression. Jobs are scarce, and larger and his pool-hall friends are among the many unemployed. Richard Wright was influenced by the literary school of naturalism, whose adherents tried to observe and record their world, and especially its more unpleasant parts, with scientific accuracy. Wright knew Depression-era Chicago well and move heavily on his first-hand knowledge. In many respects, the Chicago of Native Son is an accurate representation even in its details. For example, Ernies Kitchen Shac k at Forty-seventh lane and Indiana Avenue was modeled on a real restaurant called The Chicken Shack, located at 4647 Indiana Avenue and owned by a man named Ernie. Two aspects of Biggers environment influence him especially strongly- his confinement to Chicagos black South Side ghetto and his glimpses of the dazzling white world, of which he feels he can neer be part. Biggers family shares a rat-infested room, but, when he sees an airplane flying overhead or views the glamorous life portrayed in a... ...eds. Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson University Press of Mississippi, 1993. Kinnamon, Keneth. The Emergence of Richard Wright A Study Literature and Society. Urbana U of Illinois P, 1973. Kinnamon, Keneth, ed. New Essays on Native Son. New York Cambridge UP, 1990. Macksey, Richard and Frank E. Moorer, eds. Richard Wright A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1984. Margolies, Edward. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale Southern Illin ois UP, 1969. Miller, Eugene E. section of a Native Son The Poetics of Richard Wright. Jackson University Press of Mississippi, 1990. Rampersad, Arnold, ed. Richard Wright A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall, 1995.

church times :: essays research papers

It was a cold winters day that Sunday. The parking lot to the church was filling up quickly. I noticed as I got out of my car that fellow church members were whispering among themselves as they walked to the church. As I got closer I saw a man leaned up against the w any outside the church. He was close laying down as if he was asleep. He had on a long trench coat that was almost in shreds and a hat topped his head, pulled down so you could not see his face. He wore shoes that looked 30 years old, too small for his feet with holes all over them, his toes stuck out. I assumed this man was homeless, and asleep, so I walked on by through the doors of the church. We all fellowship for a few minutes, and someone brought up the man laying outside. People snickered and gossiped but no one bothered to ask h im to come in, including me. A few moments later church began. We all waited for the preacher to take his

Socrates Essay -- essays research papers

Socrates believes that the frequent creation is an illusion comp ared to the world of knowledge. People are often too distracted by money and materialistic things to appreciate truth and ingenuousness. Socrates says, the capacity for knowledge is innate in each mans mind. This exemplifies the point that man has the ability to look into the world of truth, but when one is caught up in superficiality then truth does not receive the caution and glory that it should. This is why Socrates feels that the arts, such as poetry, should be censored it would help decrease the digression of societys intellect. In todays world television and movies are complications that only hinder the thought processes in society.When people are consumed in the shallow world, they find reality as mere shadows compared to truth. many times, violent images seen in movies will remain in a persons mind. This obsession with violence and action takes away from concentration on the ripe and does not benefit soc iety. The bad does not change when one is exposed to it, the bad changes the person. So, by limiting this exposure to violence one can center on finding the good. The good, according to Socrates is the source not only of the intelligibility of the objects of knowledge, but also of their world and reality. When the mind is preoccupied with the desultory world, it does not see truth that which is important and real. Television today is geared towards brainless viewing. MTV shows display fast images that do not require any thinking, but only lionize the eye entertained. This is a form of eye candy which is societys form of entertainment, rather than looking for the meaning of life and the good in the world. viewing audience are sucked into this and no longer care about anything other than instant pleasure. Not all pleasure is considered good, and this type of instant pleasure is not. Pleasure should not be taken to the original, because it will then be unhealthy for the mind and t he body. Socrates explains that the mind, body, and soul must all be in unison in battle array to be healthy, then happiness will ensue. Moderation is a key element to contentment and should be practiced in todays society. galore(postnominal) people search for happiness by engulfing themselves in lifes highest pleasures, others look for contentment by over-working themselves to try and be the richest. However, these extremes w... ...tural, which is found in everyday occurrences. Society is changing everyday and movies are becoming more and more violent, as well as the crimes that occur today. The outlook on happiness is transforming to an extreme emphasis on money, and instant pleasure is becoming the one importance in life. Values are being demoralized and negative influences are being idolized. This is all done by the arts, because it is the one thing that is never definite or exact. Other aspects of life are definite, such as mathematical solutions and so forth. However, the a rts are never definite because they come from the creative aspect of man. It is not absolute and can be interpreted in many several(predicate) ways. However, by exposing society to the good in life, or assisting in exhibiting the real and unmasking true reality, the arts will display this and censorship will no longer be needed. It can only happen in a perfect society because mans thoughts cannot be controlled, and although man is a crossing of society, there will always be exceptions to the rule. So, censorship will always be needed in todays world because true reality can only be seen with a lucid mind and unison with the body and soul.

Socrates Essay -- essays research papers

Socrates believes that the everyday world is an illusion comp atomic number 18d to the world of knowledge. People are often too distracted by m maveny and materialistic things to appreciate truth and reality. Socrates says, the capacity for knowledge is innate in each mans mind. This exemplifies the point that man has the ability to compute into the world of truth, but when one is caught up in superficiality whence truth does non receive the attention and glory that it should. This is why Socrates feels that the arts, such as poetry, should be censored it would help decrease the digression of societys intellect. In nows world television and movies are complications that sole(prenominal) immobilize the thought processes in society.When people are consumed in the shallow world, they see reality as mere shadows compared to truth. Many times, violent images seen in movies leave behind persist in a persons mind. This obsession with violence and action takes away from concentratio n on the good and does not benefit society. The bad does not change when one is exposed to it, the bad changes the person. So, by limiting this exposure to violence one can focus on finding the good. The good, accord to Socrates is the source not only of the intelligibility of the objects of knowledge, but also of their being and reality. When the mind is preoccupied with the desultory world, it does not see truth that which is important and real. Television today is geared towards brainless viewing. MTV shows display fast images that do not require any thinking, but only keep the shopping center entertained. This is a form of eye candy which is societys form of entertainment, rather than looking for the meaning of life and the good in the world. Viewers are sucked into this and no longer billing about anything other than instant pastime. Not all pleasure is considered good, and this type of instant pleasure is not. Pleasure should not be taken to the extreme, because it will th en be unhealthy for the mind and the body. Socrates explains that the mind, body, and soul must all be in unison in order to be healthy, then happiness will ensue. Moderation is a key element to contentment and should be practiced in todays society. Many people search for happiness by engulfing themselves in lifes highest pleasures, others look for contentment by over-working themselves to try and be the richest. However, these extremes w... ...tural, which is found in everyday occurrences. Society is changing everyday and movies are becoming more and more violent, as well as the crimes that occur today. The outlook on happiness is transforming to an extreme emphasis on money, and instant pleasure is becoming the one importance in life. Values are being demoralized and negative influences are being idolized. This is all done by the arts, because it is the one thing that is never decisive or exact. Other aspects of life are definite, such as mathematical solutions and so forth. How ever, the arts are never definite because they come from the creative aspect of man. It is not absolute and can be interpreted in many different ways. However, by exposing society to the good in life, or assisting in exhibiting the real and unmasking true reality, the arts will display this and censorship will no longer be needed. It can only happen in a perfect society because mans thoughts cannot be controlled, and although man is a product of society, there will always be exceptions to the rule. So, censorship will always be needed in todays world because true reality can only be seen with a lucid mind and unison with the body and soul.

Providence, Self-Improvement, and Divine Mission: The Qualities of Colonial Literature Essay

Colonial lit periodture from the 17th and eighteenth centuries has made a large impact on society today. Literature from both(prenominal) the Puritan era and the Age of Reason contribute to this impact. Puritans were religious separatists who wished to purify the Church of England of its catholic heritage. They believed in predestination the report that some race were rescue and others were damned. The Puritans would scrutinize themselves for signs of grace from god. Following the Puritan era was the Age of Reason. This was a extremity of scientific and political enlightenment. It stressed the idea that basic truths can be arrived at through reason, not faith. tidy sum began to improve their present, worldly life rather than preparing themselves for an afterlife in enlightenment. Three qualities of American writing from the Colonial period are the beliefs of providence, self improvement, and divine mission.The belief in Gods providence is a major feature found passim Colonia l literature. Gods providence was the idea that it was in Gods power to control the salvation and damnation of humans. Their destinies were predetermined and they would live their lives looking for signs of grace. Every aftermath of an action was considered a sign as Gods providence. They believed Gods intervention in their everyday lives revealed their fate. The belief in providence is predominately seen throughout Puritan writing, one of which being William Bradfords Of Plymouth Plantation. William Bradford was a Puritan leader who later became the g overnor of Plymouth Colony. His narrative described the Puritans arrival to the New World. He center on the relationship the Puritans had with God.He mentioned many signs of Gods providence. The archetypal act of providence was on the diddly-shit. There was a strong, able body seaman who always cursed and condemned the poor sick people on the ship, wishing them to be cast overboard. God then intervened and revealed the seamans fat e. Bradford wrote, But it blessed God before they came half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, in which he died in a desperate manner, and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard (24). Gods providence exposed the seamans damnation. His death was a sign that he was not one of The take and did not possess the quality of grace. William Bradfords Of Plymouth Plantation embodies the belief of providence, a characteristic of Colonial literature.Another characteristic of Colonial literature is the idea of self-improvement. This idea is represented in both Puritan and the Age of Reason literature. It is the idea that people need to attain object lesson perfection. Benjamin Franklin, an autodidact of the Age of Reason, experimented with the idea of self-improvement. He found self-improvement to be a logical idea that every person should experience because it would check themselves and society. In his autobiography, Franklin wrote, I concluded, at leng th, that the mere uncollectible conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous was not sufficient to prevent our slipping, and that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired and established, before we can start any dependence on a steady, uniform rectitude of conduct (80).Franklin devised a method to help him become virtuous. He created a list of thirteen virtues and a plan to attain each one. He believed self-improvement was a realistic approach to achieve moral perfection which would develop a better society. The belief in self-improvement is permeated throughout Colonial literature because it was useful to many people. In the Puritan era, moral perfection was essential to get into Heaven and to avoid Hell. In the Age of Reason reaching moral perfection was a reasonable idea that would better society. It secularized the Puritan values making moral perfection a more rational idea rather than religious.The belief in divine mission is also a characte ristic of Colonial literature. churchman mission is the idea that America is a divinely guided nation. Americans believe that God is on their side. This idea is common throughout American writing from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Puritans believed in divine mission and built a pious nation under God. They believed they were The Chosen people of God. In the Age of Reason, this concept continued. doubting Thomas Paine, a radical, revolutionary, pamphleteer expressed the idea of divine mission in his papers, The Crisis. Paine wrote The Crisis papers to boost the morale among the common men and soldiers during the time of the Revolutionary War.He ensure a victory against Britain because America was a divinely guided nation. He wrote, that God Almighty will not give up a people to military destruction, or leave them unsupportedly to perish, who have so earnestly and so repeatedly sought to avoid the calamities of war, by every decent method which perception could inte rvene (95). Paine argued that God would help them and not leave them in their time of need. He believed that the idea of divine mission would contribute to a victory over England. Because of Gods celestial powers, the belief in divine mission was widely used throughout Colonial literature.Colonial literature has influenced American history and society. The qualities of writing from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have contributed to this impact. The concept of divine mission is exemplified daily in classrooms across America when children stand and recite the Pledge of commitment every morning. They all say, one nation under God Also, the phrase In God We Trust is embossed on American currency and was follow as our nations motto.Even now America is viewed as a divinely guided nation. In addition, self-improvement is exercised in the education system. People try to fulfill their greatest potential by improving their knowledge. The public school system enables all individua ls the right to an education that will precipitate to a more successful life. In higher education, scholarships are available to those who excel academically but cannot handle the financial obligation. It is clear that qualities of literature from the Puritan era and the Age of Reason are still relevant in todays American society.

The Lust Lizard of Melancholy Cove Chapter 11~12

El planeCatfishCatfish awoke to find a paint-spattered woman padding ab reveal the augury in slide fastener except a pair of wool socks, in which she had stuck s constantlyal sable brushes that delivered ochre, olive, and titanium white strokes to her calves when forever she moved. tail assemblyvases were propped on easels, chairs, counters, and windowsills seascapes every unrivaled. Estelle moved from canvas to canvas, pa allowte in hand, furiously painting de lowlifes in the waves and beaches.Yall woke up inspired, Catfish say.It was past dusk, they had slept away the daylight. Estelle painted by the light of fifty candles and the orange glow that washed from the clear-cut doors of the wood stove. Color correctness be damned, these paintings should be viewed by fire.Estelle s steerped painting and boned her brush arm to cover her breasts. They werent finished. I k untested approximately social function was missing when I painted them, but I didnt know what until now.Catf ish cinched his pants around his waist and walked shirtless among the paintings. The waves writhed with tail and scale and teeth and talon. Predator eyes shone off of the canvases, brighter, it m previous(a)med, than the candles that lit them.You make painted that old girl in all of em?Its not a girl. Its male.How you know that?I know. Estelle turned and went behind to her painting. I olfactory property it.How you know it notion like that?It does, doesnt it? It looks like this?Catfish scratched the stubble on his chin and pondered the paintings.Close. But it aint a boy. That ol monster the same one fetch after(prenominal) me anSmiley for catchin its little one. Estelle stopped painting and turned to him. You realise to play tonight?In a little while.Coffee? He footfallped up to her, as well ask the brush and palette from her, and kissed her on the forehead. That sho would be sweet. She padded to the bedroom and came back wearing a tattered kimono.Tell me, Catfish. What ha ppened? He was sitting at the table. I think we make broke a record. Im sore. Estelle smiled in spite of herself, but pressed on. What happened back because, in the bayou? Did you call that matter up show up of the water whatsoeverhow?What you thinkin, woman? I can do that, you think I be playin clubs for drinks and part the door?Tell me how you felt back then, when that thing came out of the swamp.Sc ared. Besides that.Wasnt nothing besides that. You heard it. Scared is all there is.You werent scared after we got back here last night.No.Neither was I. What did you tactual sensation back then? Before and after the thing came after you.Not like Im smackin now.And how is that?Im expressionin real good to be here talkin to you.No squirtding. Me too. How about back then? drive away doggin me, girl. Ill tell you. But I gots to go play in an hour and I dont know that I can.Why not?The Blues aint on me. You done with(p) chased em off.I can throw you out in the raw without a shi rt if you think it will help.Catfish squirmed in his chair. Maybe both(prenominal) coffee.Catfishs StoryAfter we rams some distance from whatever chasin us, we stop the seat T Ford and me and Smiley put that big ol catfish thing in the backseat his tail hangin out one side an his head outtother. Now this aint at all what I expected, and Smiley aint got the Blues on him, but Im gettin me a grand case myself. consequently I realizes we got us five hundred dollar coming, and them ol Blues done melt right away.I think, Smiley, I believes we should aim us some celebratin, startin with some liquor and endin up with some fine Delta pussy. What you say?Ol Smiley, like usual, dont wanna piss on the parade, but bein who he is, he point out we aint got no gold and Ida May dont approve of no pussy moreen a hundred yard from the house. But he feelin it too, I can tell, and before long we headed garbage down a back road to find a bootlegger I know down there name of Elmore that sells to colored folk.That ol white boy aint got but deuce teeth, but he grindin em when we pulls up, all mad and wavin his shotgun like we come to bust up his still. I say, Hey, Elmore, how your neckly wife and sister?He say she fine, but lessin we shows some money quick, he gonna shoot him some niggers and get back to her before she cool off.We a little short, I say. But we take a leak us five hundred dollar come morning iffin you kind generous to give us a jug on credit. An then I shows him the catfish.That boy liked to shit his pants, and I was hopin he would, just to cover the smell comin off him natural, but instead he say, I aint waitin til mornin. You necessitate a jug, you give me a hunk o that catfish right now. A big hunk.Smiley and I thinks it over, and before long we got us a half-gallon of corn mash and ol Elmore got hisself enough catfish to feed his wives and children and them-thats both for a week or more.Up the road a spell and this old whore name of Okra givin us the same speech about money, plus she sayin we need to satiate us a bath before she let us anywhere near her girls. And I comes back with the five-hundred-dollar chronicle. She say five hundred dollar tomorrow and we can come in tomorrow, but if we want some pussy tonight, she want a hunk of that old catfish in the back. Them hos can eat some catfish too, Im tellin you. I thought Smiley finally gettin the Blues on him when I hears him sayin how he give up a hundred dollar worth of catfish just for a bath. But that his choice. He wait in the car til Im done and we head off to find a place to sleep til morning when we can cash in the fish.We pulls down a side road into some bushes, and we commencin to get us some sleep after a drink or deuce, when who come out the woodland but a whole clunk of boys wearin them white sheets and pointy hoods, sayin, Nigger, I guess you didnt read the sign.And they tie us up to that ol catfish and make us drag it back in the woods to a big ol fire they g ot goin.That sho a chill, I gots to tell you. To this day I cant walk by sheets hangin on a line without my backbone freeze up. I knows we sho gonna die now, sayin my entreatys and all best I can, while them boys kickin me in the mouth an such while eatin catfish pieces what they roasted on sticks. and so I feels it and the kickin stops. I see ol Smiley lyin in the dirt, coverin his head with his arms, one ol bloody eye lookin over at me. He feel it too.Them Klansmen everlasting(a) into the woods like they long-lost momma gonna come out, big ol grins on they faces, half of em rubbin they dicks through they pants. And she come out, all right. Big as a train, a howl like to make your ears bust and bleed. She take devil of them in the first bite.I dont have to write Smiley no letter. Before we can say somethin, we up and runnin, still tied up to what leave of that catfish carcass, running back for the road. We finds us a knife in the car and we gets loose lickety-split Smiley crank in that ol Model T and me behind the wheel pretendin the choke. Hollerin and screamin comin out the woods sounding like music now, them Klansmen gettin all eat up.Then it get quiet, just the sound of our breath and Smiley crankin the Model T. Im yellin for him to hurry, I can hear that thing c snowstormin though the woods. And finally, the Model T cranks over, but I can hardly hear it, cause that old dragon thing done broken out the woods and lets go a roar. I tells Smiley to get in, but he run back to the back of the car.What you doing? I say.Five hundred dollar, he say.And I see he throwing the catfish in the backseat. That stinky thing aint nothin but a head now, so Smiley throw it in by hisself. Then he makes to dance on the running board and I looks over and he just snatched out the air. Gone. And them jaws coming down for the second time when I pull that ol Model T in gear and take off.Smiley gone. Gone.Next day I find that white man say he pay five hundred dollar for the ca tfish, and he look at that big fish head and jus laugh at me. I say I lose the best adorer I ever had, he better give me my goddamn money. But he laugh and tell me go away. So I hit him.Took that old fish head to court with me, but it dont make no difference. That judge give me six months in jail hittin a white man and all. He tell the bailiff, Take Catfish away.They call me Catfish since. I dont tell the story no more, but the name still there. Had the Blues on me ever since, but they aint no makin amends. By the time I get out, Ida May die of grief, and I aint got a friend alive. Been on the road since.That thing on the beach, make that sound, she lookin for me.CatfishIts a male, Estelle said. She didnt know what else to say.How you know?I know. She took his hand. Im sorry about your friend.I just wanted him to get the Blues on him so we can make us a record.They sat there at the table for a while, holding hands.Catfish let his coffee go cold in the cup. Estelle ran the story ar ound in her head, both relieved and fearful that the shadows in her paintings now had a shape. Somehow, as fantastic as it was, Catfishs story seemed familiar.She said, Catfish, did you ever read The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway?He that boy write about bullfights and fishing? I met him once, down Florida way. Why?You met him?Yeah, that sumbitch didnt believe that story neither. Said he like to fish, but he dont believe me. Why you ask?Never mind, Estelle said. If this thing eats volume, dont you think we should report it?I been tellin family about that monster for some fifty years, aint no one believed me yet. Said I was the biggest liar ever come outta the Delta. Id have me a big house and a stack of records if not for that. You call the law and tell them bout this, they gonna call you the crazy woman of Pine Cove.We already have one of those.Well, aint no one gonna get eat but me, and if I lose this gig cause they thinkin Im crazy, I have to be movin on then. You unde rstand?Estelle took Catfishs cup from the table and placed it in the sink. Youd better get ready to go play.Twelve mollyTo distract herself from the dragon next door, mollie had put on her sweats and started to clean her lagger. She got as far as filling three black trash bags with junk food jetsam and was getting ready to vacuum up the collec-tion of sow tapdance corpses that dotted her carpet when she made the mistake of Windexing the television. Outland Steel Kendras Revenge was playing on the VCR and when the droplets of Windex hit the screen, they magnified the phosphorescent dots, making the picture look like an impressionist painting Seurats Sunday Afternoon on the Island of Le Grande Warrior Babe perhaps.Molly froze the frame on the gratuitous shower scene. ( there was always a shower scene in the first five minutes of her films, despite the fact that Kendra lived on a planet almost completely devoid of water. To allot this problem, one young director had gotten the brigh t idea of using anti-radioactive foam in the shower scene and Molly had spent five hours with whipped Ivory speed of light suds being blown on to her by an offscreen Shop-Vac. She ended up playing the rest of the film in a Bedouin burnoose to cover the rash that developed all over her body.)Art film, Molly said, sitting on the floor in straw man of the TV, dowsing it with Windex for the fiftieth time. I could have been a model in Paris in those days.Not a chance, said the narrator. He was still around. Too skinny. They liked fat chicks back then.Im not talking to you.Youve used half a bottle of Windex for this little t pull up to Paris.Seems like cheap travel to me, Molly said. Even so, she got up and took two glasses from the top of the TV. She was taking them to the kitchen when the doorbell rang.She opened the door with the rims of the glasses pinched in one hand. Outside, two women in dresses and heels and lots of hair spray were standing on her steps. They were both in their early thirties, blonde, and wore stiff smiles of either insincerity or drug use, Molly couldnt be sure which.Avon? Molly asked.No, the blonde in front said with a titter. Im Marge Whitfield, this is Katie Marshall, were from the Coalition for a Moral Society. Wed like to talk to you about our campaign to reinstate school prayer. I hope we havent caught you at a bad time. Katie was in pink. Marge in pastel blue.Im Molly Michon. I was just cleaning up a little. Molly held up the two glasses. Come on in.The two women stepped in and stood in the doorway as Molly took the glasses to the sink. You know, its interesting, Molly said, but if you put Diet Coke in one glass, and regular Coke in another, and let them sit for, oh, say six months, then come back, there will be all sorts of third estate stuff growing on the regular Coke, but the Diet Coke will be as good as new. Molly returned to the living room. Can I get you two something to drink?No thank you, Marge droned in robot response. S he and Katie were staring at the paused image of a wet and stark naked Molly on the television screen. Molly breezed by them and flipped off the television. Sorry, an art film I made in Paris when I was younger. Wont you sit down?The women sat down next to each other on Mollys tattered couch, their knees pinched together so tight they could have crushed diamonds to powderize.I love your air freshener, Katie said, trying to pull out of her terror. It smells so clean.Thanks, its Windex.What a cute idea, Marge said.This was good, Molly thought. Normal people. If I can hold myself together for mean(prenominal) people like these, Ill be okay. This is good practice. She sat down on the floor in front of them. So your name is Marge. You dont hear that outside of detersive commercials anymore. Did your parents watch a lot of TV?Marge tittered. Its short for Margaret, of course. My grandmothers name.Katie jumped in. Molly, were very concerned that our childrens education is totally withou t any spiritual instruction. The Coalition is collecting theme songs for reinstatement of prayer in school.Okay, Molly said. Youre new in town, arent you?Why, yes, weve both moved here from Los Angeles with our husbands. A small town is just a better place to raise children, as Im sure you know.Right, Molly said. They had no idea who she was. Thats why I brought my little Stevie here. Stevie was Mollys goldfish who had died during one of her stays in County. Now he lived in a Ziploc in her freezer and regarded her with a frosty gaze every time she retrieved some ice.And how old is Stevie?Uh, seven or eight. I forget some times, it was a long labor.Hes a year behind my Tiffany, Marge said.Well, hes a little slow.And your husband is?Dead.Im so sorry, Katie said.No need, you probably didnt kill him.Anyway, Katie said, wed really like to have your signature to send to the state senate. Single mothers are an important part of our campaign. And were also collecting donations for the camp aign to have the Constitu-tion amended. She put on an embarrassed smile. Gods work needs funding too.I live in a trailer, Molly said.We understand, Marge said. Finances are difficult for a single mother. But your signature is just as important to Gods work.But I live in a trailer. God hates trailers.Beg pardon?He burns them up, freezes, them out, tears them up with tornadoes. God hates trailers. Are you sure I wouldnt be hurting your cause?Katie giggled. Oh, Mrs. Michon, dont be silly. Just last week I read where a womans trailer was picked up by a tornado and dropped almost a mile away and she survived. She said that she was praying the whole time and that God had saved her. You see?Then who sent the tornado in the first place?The two pastel women squirmed on the couch. The blue one spoke first. Wed love to have you at our rule book study group, where we could discuss that, but we have to be getting along. Would you mind signing the peti-tion? She pulled a clipboard out of her ove rsized purse and handed it over to Molly with a pen.So if this works, kids will be able to pray in school?Why, yes. Marge brightened.So the Muslim kids can turn to Mecca seven times a day or whatever and it wont count against their grades?The blue and pink pastel ladies looked at each other. Well, America is a Christian nation, Mrs. Michon.Molly didnt want them to think she was a pushover. She was a smart woman. But kids of other faiths can pray too, right?I suppose so, Katie said. To themselves.Oh good, Molly said as she write the petition, because I know that Stevie could move up to the Red Jets reading group if he could sacrifice a chicken to Vigoth the Worm God, but the teacher wont let him. Why did I say that? Why did I say that? What if they ask where Stevie is?Mrs. MichonWhat? Hed do it at recess, Molly said. Its not like it would cut into study time.We are working on behalf of the One True God, Mrs. Michon. The Coalition is not an interfaith organization. Im sure that if yo u had felt the power of His spirit, you wouldnt talk that way.Oh, Ive felt it.You have?Of course. You can feel it too. Right now.What do you mean?Molly handed the clipboard back to Katie and stood up. Come next door with me. Itll only take a second. I know youll feel it.TheoTheos hopes of finding Mikey Plotznik rose as he drove through the residential areas of Pine Cove. Nearly every neighborhood had two or three people out searching with flashlights and cell phones. Theo stopped and took reports from each search party, then made suggestions as if he had the slightest idea what he was doing. Who was he kidding? He couldnt even find his car keys half the time.Most of Pine Coves neighborhoods were without sidewalks or street-lights. The canopy of pine trees absorbed the moonlight and darkness drank up Theos headlights like an ocean of ink. He plugged his handheld dent-light in the lighter socket and swept it across the houses and into the vacant lots, spotting nothing but a pair of mule deer take in someones rosebuds. As he drove by the beach park a grass playground the size of a football field, surrounded by cypress tree trees and blocked from the Pacific wind by an eight-foot redwood fence he spotted a flash of white moving on one of the elasticity tables. He pulled into the parking strip beside the park and pointed the Volvos headlights, as well as the spotlight, at the table.A couple was going at it right there on the table. The flash of white had been the mans bare ass. Two faces turned into the light, eyes as wide as the two deer Theo had surprised earlier. Normally, Theo would have driven on. He was used to finding people in the act in cars behind the Head of the Slug, or parked along the more rugged strips of coastline. He wasnt the call down police, after all. But tonight he was irritated by the scene. It had been almost a whole day since hed had a hit from his Sneaky Pete. Maybe its a symptom of withdrawal, he thought.He turned off the Volvo and got out, taking his flashlight with him. The couple scrambled into their clothes as he approached, but didnt try to es-cape. There was nowhere for them to go except over the fence, where a narrow beach was bordered on both sides by cliffs and washed by treach-erous, freezing rip tides.When he was halfway across the park, Theo recognized the fornicators and stopped. The woman, a girl really, was Betsy Butler, a waitress down at H.P.s Cafe. She was struggling to pull down her skirt. The man, bald ing and slack-chested, was the saucily widowed Joseph Leander. Theo flashed on the image of Bess Leander hanging from a peg in the spotless dining room.A little discretions in order here, you think Joe? Theo shouted as he walked toward them.Uh, its Joseph, Constable.Theo felt his scalp go hot with anger. He wasnt an angry man by nature, but nature hadnt been working the last hardly a(prenominal) days. No, Its Joseph when youre doing business or when youre grieving over your dead wife. When youre boning a girl half your age on a picnic table in a public park, its Joe.I we things have been so difficult. I dont know what came over us I mean, me. I meanI dont suppose youve seen a kid around here tonight? A boy, about ten?The girl shook her head. She was covering her face with one hand and staring into the grass at her feet. Joseph Leanders gaze darted around the park as if a magic escape hatch would open up in the dark if he could only spot it. No, I havent seen a boy.Technically, Theo knew he could arrest them both on the spot for indecent exposure, but he didnt want to take the time to process them into County Justice. Go home, Joe. Alone. Your daughters shouldnt be by themselves right now. Betsy, do you have a ride?Without uncovering her face, she said, I only live two blocks away.Go home. Now. Theo turned and walked back to the Volvo. No one had ever accused Theo of being clever (except for the time at a college party when he fashioned an emergency bong out of a t wo-liter Coke bottle and a Bic pen), but he was feeling somewhat less than clever for not having investigated Bess Leanders death more carefully. It was one thing to be hired because youre thought to be a fool, its quite another to live up to the reputation. Tomorrow, he thought. First find the kid.MollyMolly stood in the mud with the two pastel Christian ladies looking at the dragon trailer.Can you feel it?Why, whatever do you mean? Marge said. Thats just a dirty old trailer excuse me mobile home. Until a second ago, she had only been concerned with her powder-blue high heels sinking into the wet turf. Now she and her partner were staring at the dragon trailer, wide-eyed.They could feel it, Molly could tell. She could feel it too a low-grade sense of contentment, something vaguely sexual, not quite joy, but close. Youre feeling it?The two women looked to each other, trying to deny that they were feeling anything. Their eyes were glazed over as if theyd been drugged, and they fidg eted as if suppressing giggles. Katie, the pink one, said, Maybe we should visit these people. She took a tentative step toward the dragon trailer.Molly stepped in front of her. Theres no one there. Its just a feeling. You two should probably go fill out your petition.Its late, said powder blue. Maybe one more visit, then we have to go.No Molly blocked their path. This wasnt as fun as she thought it would be. She had wanted to freak them out a little, not harm them. She had the distinct feeling that if they got any closer to the dragon trailer, school prayer would be losing two well-groomed votes. You two need to get home. She took each by a shoulder and led them back to the street, then pushed them toward the entrance of the trailer park. They looked longingly over their shoulders at the dragon trailer.I feel the spirit moving in me, Katie, Marge said.Molly gave them another push. Right, thats a good thing. Off you go. And she was supposed to be the crazy one.Go, go, go, Molly said . I have to get Stevies dinner ready.Were sorry we missed meeting your little boy, Katie said. Where is he?Homework. See ya. Bye.Molly watched the women walk out of the park and climb into a new Chrysler minivan, then she turned back to the dragon trailer. For some reason, she was no longer afraid.Youre hungry, arent you, Stevie?The dragon trailer shifted shape, angles melting to curves, windows going back to eyes, but the glow wasnt as intense as it had been in the early dawn. Molly saw the burned gill trees, the soot and blistered flesh between the scales. Soft blue lines of color flashed across the dragons flanks and faded. Molly felt her heart sink in sympathy. This thing, whatever it was, was hurting.Molly took a few steps closer. I have a feeling youre too old to be a Stevie. And the original Stevie might be offended. How about Steve? You look like a Steve. Molly liked the name Steve. Her agent at CAA had been named Steve. Steve was a good name for a reptile. (As opposed to St evie, which was more of a frozen goldfish name.)She felt a wave of warmth run through her amid the sadness. The monster liked his name.You shouldnt have eaten that kid.Steve said nothing. Molly took another step forward, still on guard. You have to go away. I cant help you.Im crazy, you know? I have the papers from the state to prove it.The Sea Beast rolled over on his back like a submissive puppy and gave Molly a pathetically helpless look, no easy task for an animal capable of swallowing a Volkswagen.No, Molly said.The Sea Beast whimpered, no louder than a newborn baby kitten.Oh, this is just swell, Molly said. Imagine the meds Dr. Val is going to put me on when I tell her about this. The vegetable and the lizard, thats what theyll call us. I hope youre happy.Peer pinchBut I dont want to go among mad people, Alice remarked.Oh, you cant help that, said the cat. Were all mad here. Immad. Youre mad.How do you know Im mad? said Alice.You must be, said the cat, or you wouldnt have co me here. LEWIS CARROL,Alices Adventures in Wonderland

Seminar Topic on Mnc

Amultinational corporation(MNC) ormultinational enterprise(MNE)1is acorporationenterprise that manages doingor deliversservicesin more than one country. It can also be referred to as an outside(a) corporation. They play an important role inglobalization. Strategies Corporations may bring out aforeign direct investment. Foreign direct investment is direct investment into one country by a company in production located in another(prenominal) country either by buying a company in the country or by expanding operations of an actual business in the country. 23 Asubsidiaryor daughter company4is acompanythat is completely or partly owned and wholly controlled by another company that owns more than half of the subsidiarysstock. 56 A corporation may choose to locate in aspecial economic zone, which is a geographical area that has economic and other laws that are more exculpate-market-oriented than a countrys typical or national laws. editCommunication in the midst of different cultures M ultinational corporations need to deal with different cultures of their employees, partners, suppliers and customers.Cross-cultural chat(frequently referred to asintercultural communication) is a field of study that looks at how people from differingculturalbackgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour tocommunicateacross cultures. Intercultural competenceis the ability of successfulcommunicationwith people of othercultures. A person who is interculturally competent captures and understands, ininteractionwith people from foreign cultures, their specific concepts inperception, thinking, smelling and acting.Earlier experiences are considered, free fromprejudices there is an interest andmotivationto continuelearning. editConflict of laws Main articleConflict of laws Conflict of lawsis a set of procedural rules that determines which legal system and whichjurisdictionsapplies to a given conflict. The termconflict of lawsitself origina tes from situations where the ultimate outcome of a legal dispute depended upon which law applied, and the common law courts manner of resolving the conflict between those laws. Incivil law, lawyers and legal scholars refer to conflict of laws as private international law.Private international law has no real connection withpublic international law, and is instead a feature of local anaesthetic law which varies from country to country. The three branches of conflict of laws are * Jurisdiction whether the forum court has the power to resolve the dispute at hand * Choice of law the law which is being applied to resolve the dispute * Foreign heads the ability to recognize and enforce a judgment from an external forum within the jurisdiction of the adjudicating forum editGlobalizationMultinational corporations are important factors in the processes ofglobalization. National and local governments often compete against one another to commit MNC facilities, with the expectation of in creasedtaxrevenue, employment, and economic activity. To compete, political entities may offer MNCsincentivessuch as tax breaks, pledges of governmental assistance or subsidized infrastructure, or laxenvironmentalandlaborregulations.These ways of attractingforeign investmentmay be bumpd as arace to the bottom, a push towards greater self-direction forcorporations, or both. MNCs play an important role in developing the economies of developing countries like investing in these countries provide market to the MNC but provide employment, plectrum of multi goods etc. On the other hand, economistJagdish Bhagwatihas argued that in countries with comparatively low labor costs and weak environmental and social protection, multinationals actually bring more or less a race to the top. While multinationals will certainly see a low tax burden or low labor costs as an element of comparative advantage, Bhagwati disputes the existence of evidence suggesting that MNCs deliberately avail themselve s of lax environmental regulation or poor labor standards. As Bhagwati has pointed out, MNC profits are tied to operational efficiency, which includes a high degree of standardisation. Thus, MNCs are likely to adapt production processes in many of their operations to conform to the standards of the most austere jurisdiction in which they operate (this tends to be either the USA, Japan, or the EU).As for labor costs, part MNCs clearly pay workers in developing countries far below levels in countries where labor productivity is high (and accordingly, will adopt more labor-intensive production processes), they also tend to pay a premium over local labor rates of 10 to 100 percent. 7Finally, depending on the nature of the MNC, investment in any country reflects a desire for a medium- to long-term return, as establishing plant, training workers, etc. , can be costly.Once established in a jurisdiction, therefore, MNCs are potentially vulnerable to arbitrary government intervention such as expropriation, sudden contract renegotiation, the arbitrary withdrawal or compulsory purchase of licenses, etc. Thus, both the negotiating power of MNCs and the race to the bottom critique may be overstated, while understating the benefits (besides tax revenue) of MNCs becoming established in a jurisdiction. editTransnational CorporationsA Transnational Corporation (TNC) differs from a conventional MNC in that it does not identify itself with one national home. Whilst traditional MNCs are national companies with foreign subsidiaries,8TNCs spread out their operations in many countries sustaining high levels of local responsiveness. 9An example of a TNC is Nestle who employ of age(p) executives from many countries and try to make decisions from a global perspective rather than from one centralized headquarters. 10However, the terms TNC and MNC are often used interchangeably. editCriticism of multinationals Main articlesAnti-globalizationandAnti-corporate activism Anti-corporate a dvocates criticize multinational corporations for entering countries that have lowhuman rightsor environmental standards. 11They claim that multinationals give rise to huge merged conglomerations that reduce competition and free enterprise, raise capital in host countries but export the profits, exploit countries for their natural resources, limit workers wages, erode traditional cultures, and challenge national sovereignty.

Organizational Behavior and Globalization Essay

In a world which is characterized by globalisation, especially in terms of the trading trading operations of varied ancestryes, there is in addition a need for organizations to demonstrate a toweringer degree of responsiveness and provide an assurance that its current worry systems in place ar in accordance with the requirements of the current environment and context. With this thing in mind, it lavatory be demarcationd that one of the things which of import affect the operations of channeles which should be highlighted, in solvent to being more global, or to globalization, would be organisational look. In the past years, globalization has been taken into different contexts and has become more app bent in the operations of m any(prenominal) straines. In a nutshell, the occurrence of globalization can be seen as the act of being absent of distance in culture and society, as there is said to be unification and in time and space, affecting various facets of the societ y, including political, cultural, social, and economic life (Ray, 2007). It is app arnt that globalization has led into paradigm shifts in the manner at which galore(postnominal) craftes operates wuch as with regards to the presence of a stronger international trade, major technological advancements, and increased cultural ex diversify (Braun, 2005).Because of the fundamental effects which were brought almost by the advent of globalization in contemporary businesses, it is apparent that there has excessively been an urgent need for these firms to address such c erstrns in managing organisational demeanour. umpteen organizations should adapt to the consequences of globalization because of the occurrence that it creates a great impact on their organisational behavior. Because of the higher degree of interdependence between different accompanimentors which are applic fitting in the operations of organizations such as economic, cultural, and social eventors, it has been reg arded that there is a higher concern for many to place a gat deal of speech pattern on organizational behavior. In addition, the advent of globalization has in like manner do businesses expand their operations, some heretofore on an international scale. Because of such expansion, or what others would battle cry transnationalization, it can be reflected that teher are apparent differences within the employees, and even the anxiety style, within theorganization. These differences and diversity, as brought about by various cultures in the encounter environment, and as a consequence of globalization, can be abandoned the appropriate solutions given the fact that the circumspection has the right approach towards organizational behavior (Wagner and Hollenbeck, 2010).The world make closer and smaller, as a consequence of globalization, has made significant changes in with regards to organizational behavior. From the management context, the intertwining of cultures within organiza tion, again, as a consequence of globalization, has serious management implications. It calls upon the greater need to manage organizational behavior in such a way that it must be assured that the slew are made comfortable under a diverse working environment to make them more effective and effectual in their jobs (Harris and Hartman, 2002). In addition, it is also important to note that globalization serves as a major force which re anatomical structures economic, political, and social systems within societies and within organizations.With such, as it has been highlighted in the earlier sections of this paper, globalization calls for better management of organizational behavior and it should be assured that the organizational changes which serve as the consequences of globalization should be given emphasis so that it will not allow any negative consequences on the way people be hold up and functions within todays contemporary organizations. The management of todays organizations m ust learn many international management techniques, especially those which relate to management of the workforce, to be assured that they are not negatively affected by the outcomes which are brought by globalization (Griffin and Moorhead, 2010).Organizational conduct and Organizational StructureFor the effective and efficient operations of any organizations, one of the most apparent requirements would be an organizational structure which fits the business and which would gain a high aim of concur from its workforce. Organizational structure, by definition, is a system which allows the provision of the division, grouping, and coordination of various activities within the organization. It provides an outline of the taskswhich shall be sinless by individuals and groups (Hoye, et al., 2009). Furthermore, it also allows the provision of the hierarchy of authority and responsibilities to determine the people who would be reporting with the superiors and to be able to as well provide h ow the employees are linked to separately other, with specific emphasis on the tasks which are supposed to be completed (Kinney, 2008).It is assumed that the organizational design and structure can be con casered as a key shaping force of the organizational behavior. They are highly influential towards the implementation of strategies and also significant towards being able to inductance both employee commitment and motivation (Beer, n.d.). Because of the high degree of importance which is placed upon organizational structure, it is apparent that many firms in todays time are already veering away from the traditional forms of management. For instance, instead of the deployment of an organizational structure which is mechanistic or stable, many firms are now using a structure and design which is organic or adaptive., The use of such organizational structure is said to give them the benefit of flexibility and being more dynamic.With such, it can also be assumed that there is a great er flexibility towards the management of the behavior of the workforce. In addition, it is also important to take note that certain aspects of organizational behavior, such as the turnover satisfaction, and performance of the workforce, are greatly influenced by its structure. In an organic or adaptive organization, as it has been mentioned earlier, it can be seen that the level of employee satisfaction is higher basically because there is a greater degree of responsiveness in accordance with what is needed rather than being stable heedless of the situation which the work environment is confronted with (Walonick, 1993).Furthermore, it should be assured that the organization is structured in such a way that it is responsive of the needs and the objectives of the organization. A dim or deficient organizational structure can expect negative effects on organizational behavior, such as in the following aspects it can delay last-making because of overloaded hierarchy correct informati on may not be provided to the right person and in the right format, therefore legislateing into low-quality of decision outcomes organization may demonstrate the failure to become responsive of the changing environment, especially in a case of an organization with a highly alter workforce and there might be a presence of conflicts between individuals and departments which are working against each other (Nelson and Quick, 2008).Different organizational structures, including the systems for reporting and supervision, render a variety of effects on organizational behavior. For instance, n a firm in which the decision-making activities are concentrated on the top or cured management, or under a highly centralized organization, the praises for the problem solving techniques all go to the top management,. In such case, it can be reflected that employees may have a feeling that it is quite unfair for them, especially if they know that they have exerted significant efforts in carrying o ut a multitude of tasks, for which the credit goes not to them, but to the senior management. This could result into lack of motivation and low level of employee morale.On the other hand, in an organizational structure at which there are rigid policies and vague design on who and where to report, there is a potential to lead the workforce into the feeling that they are not trusted basically because they are not involved. In such organizational structure, employees may demonstrate low quality of work and low degree of productivity basically because there is a failure from the management to provide am organizational design which clearly outlines their responsibilities and hierarchy. Because of such situations, it is therefore important to create an organizational structure which will be able to make the organizations more effective through a behavior which can be expected to result into high quality of outputs ( Phillips and Gully, 2011).Organizational Behavior and OutsourcingOutsourc ing in business is indeed a proof that globalization has taken its toll in the operations of todays organizations. Outsourcing allows for the transfer of the recurrent sexual activities of an organization to a take oned outside provider. Outsourcing is considered as a strategic move by todays contemporary businesses for different reasons and benefits, suchas the following enhancing the effectiveness of the organization by the demonstration of a focus on the things which they do best improvement in operation performance, increasing product, service, customer, and stockholder value improving risk management improving control and management reduction in investments of various assets gaining market access through the provider of work which are outsources and expansion of the organizations current market (Greaver, 1998). Furthermore, the practice of outsourcing business activities can also result into increased flexibility with regards to ensuring the maximum optimization of the resou rces which the organization is confronted with and it also allows rapid technological migration (Blokdijk, 2008).Outsourcing, aside from the fact that it leads into significant reduction in costs, speeding up business activities, and increasing the efficiency of an organization, also shows significant benefits with regards to organizational behavior. For instance, it has been noted that because of outsourcing, there is a greater possibility for teamwork to be apparent within the operations of the organization. Outsourcing makes it possible for the workforce to focus on their job junctions at which they are skilled and competent, making them more valuable for the firm. This can lead into heightened employee motivation and morale, especially knowing the fact that they are given the chance to excel on the things which they do best. It would be possible to enhance teamwork with the presence of outsourcing in the organization, especially if communication, trust, and cooperation are also apparent in the organizational culture.However, although it can be seen as beneficial in the promotion of teamwork, it does not come in the absence of challenges. These challenges are commonly as well significant in the field of organizational behavior. In the case of organizations in which outsourcing is practiced, it is extremely possible to view such as a threat and lack of support from management. This is basically because the two different companies may not develop a dynamic and lasting relationship which can motivate the employees to do well in their jobs (Griffin and Moorhead, 2010).Outsourcing has a direct impact on the employees of the organization. For instance, it has been assumed by some that outsourcing can be treated as anapparent breach of the psychological contract of the employees with the organization. This means that the unconscious expectations of the employees for the organization to be more responsive of their psychological needs and be more supportive of their psychological defenses are not fulfilled. much(prenominal) has the potential to lead into low employee morale and any other aspects of human behavior which can trigger productivity and efficiency at work (Morgan, 2009). In addition, another effect of outsourcing in organizational behavior is that it can possibly lead the employees into having a feeling of job deterioration and job insecurity. It can lead into the deterioration of working conditions in the sense that such employees may be assigned work which is precarious and it can also elad into longer working hours. For instance, if the business is outsourced in a different country, there may be significant differences in working hours between the two locations and it can inevitably lead into nisus and unfavorable working conditions at one end (Blanke, 2009). Lastly, outsourcing also has the potential to lead into thinking that the skills and competencies of the employees are underestimated (Roe, et al., n.d.).Organizational Be havior and Virtual OrganizationsVirtual organization, rightful(prenominal) like outsourcing, is also one of the means to make the world smaller through a network of connections to make business processes more efficient and easier. A virtual organization is an organization which even members are geographically separated from each other, the organization is still single and unified as they are affiliated with computers and other means of technology which would allow them to be working with each other, regardless of their locations. One of its most outstanding features is that it lacks corporeal structure which shows that such organizations have a lower degree of physical presence compared to organizations of other types.Operations are often decentralized rather than being concentrated, basically because the members are geographically dispersed from each other. In addition, it also demonstrates heavy reliance on a multitude of communication technologies in order to link people with each other. Organizations of such type also benefits from the fact that it is inclusive, boundaryless, responsive, and flexible. However, although suchbenefits may prove to be evident in the case of virtual organizations, it is also apparent that t requires the need for sophisticated management techniques as there is a need to link and unify people into one common organizational objective, despite the fact that they are working in distant locations (Warner and Witzel, 2004).Just like in cases which were earlier mentioned in the earlier sections of this paper, the operations of virtual organizations also show significant effects with regards to organizational behavior. The advent of various information and communication tcehnologes has given way to such developments in organizational operations. Without a doubt, people were given the fortune to complete their jobs anywhere and anytime which they find it appropriate. The development of such virtual organizations presented a number of challenges in the management of organizational behavior. In the absence of a physical environment which shall govern and monitor the completion of jobs, there are apparent common challenges such as the management and leadership style which shall be employed, race planning, evaluation of performance, and how the employees will be monitored (Kirel, 2007).Furthermore, it has also been regarded that one of the most important requirements essential in the success of virtual organizations is the fact that the members or the employees must be knowledgeable and competent in the use of various technologies which shall facilitate communication and coordination between the distant parties working with each other in pursuit of the business goals. In such regard, to be able to result into efficacy, there is a need for the coordination of the different agents who are involved in organizational behavior. There is a need to ensure that all the concerned people will have an understanding of the do main of operations of the virtual organization to be assured that they will demonstrate a high or an acceptable level of competency in the completion of their tasks (Camarinha-Matos and Afsarmanesh, 2004).Because one of the main goals of virtual organizations is to coordinate and link people in different locations, management will be confronted with agreat challenge in terms of how it shall enact a culture which is apparent in any other organization. There will be a challenge to maintain commitment from the workforce despite the fact that there may be an absence of direct supervision and insufficiency of support coming from the management. There is a potential fgor the presence of increased conflict and decreased loyalty. Such organizational behavior concerns will be quite challenging to manage basically because of the presence of geographically-dispersed locations of operations (Sims, 2002).Organizational Behavior and strategical AlliancesWith the goal of achieving better business efficiency and effectiveness, many organizations consider a number of means by which they can be able to increase their competency and world power. One of such would be through strategic alliances which make it possible to demonstrate a high degree of cooperation between various groups in lieu of the objective of being able to better business results. Through strategic alliances, businesses are able to employ a cooperative strategy through the combination of capabilities and resources to be able to touch their sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, under the concept of strategic alliances, there is an apparent sharing and exchange of both resources and capabilities between firms which are partnering with each other. Today, such alliances have been regarded as a competitive strategy, especially for many smaller businesses which are competing against the bigger ones. Strategic alliances are often given consideration by the management in order to expand their operations and ta p a greater fraction of the market, which they cannot complete in the absence of another firm to help them perform their goals (Hitt, et al., 2009).With the variety of definitions which are given to describe the contexts of strategic alliances, two prove to be most significant in its relation to organizational behavior. First, strategic alliances involve the involvement of two different organizational entities. These organizational actors are separate, initially, as being characterized by differences in interests, powers, and identities. Second, the formation of a strategic alliance is geared towards the interaction of two parties to achieve specific goalswhich may vary across partners. The relationship between the organizations forming an alliance serves as a significant discussion in the examination of their relevance to organizational behavior. One of the major challenges which are confronting such integration of businesses is the fact that it many potentially lead into interg roup and identity issues.This is emerging from the fact that in the case of alliance formations, two or more distinct groups of organizations composed of employees with different culture and orientation, will be working together for a long period of time to achieve a common business goal. Some of the potential issues which may arise from such would include mistrust, favoritism, and group boundaries which would come apart the workforce, instead of being unified. Fairness and inclusion are also among two of the most important dimensions which should be highlighted in intergroup issues which are given rise by the advent of strategic alliances. Furthermore, in-group favoritism, as earlier mentioned, can also be evident. This can be possible in a case wherein one side of employees would be more favored from the alliance, especially if such party has a greater contribution towards the success o0f the said alliance. There is also a high tendency and possibility that cultural clash can be present because of the dissimilarity from the different groups of employees. Such issues should be highlighted in the management of organizational behavior so that they cannot6 further escalate into problems which can lead into the failure to manage diversity and can lead into insufficiency of teamwork within the organization formed from a strategic alliance (Leung and White, 2004).Managerial perceptions and cognitions are important to be developed in the case of strategic alliance sin order to see to it that organizational behavior is the right way managed, in such a way that it brings an inclusive workplace, while highlighting the significance of diversity management, in spite of the fact that the employees came from organizations which were once separate from each other. There is a need to manage inter-organizational in such a way that the emotions, culture, and perspectives of the employees from organizations forming the alliance will be carefully soundless (Das, 2011).Organiz ational Behavior and Multinational CorporationsCurrent trends in the business context, such as the increasing presence of globalization, have also allowed businesses to flourish and expand their operations on a global scale. An evident proof of such claim is the perpetual increase in the number of multinational corporations operating in different countries all over the world. Selling goods and services of corporations in different countries is not a new phenomenon in the business context, but contemporary issues have confronted such firms especially given the perpetually changing economic and political context which governs their operations. The multinational corporations can be seen as a highly effective and efficient means for utilizing the worlds resources, including humans. It is also an effective tool for bringing new technologies and highly advanced business practices, especially in their operations in developing nations. Despite the fact that a multitude of risks are confront ing their operations, it cannot be denied that they bring benefits which are unparalleled especially in terms of economic rhythmic pattern (Yusof, 2007).One of the major challenges which are evident in the operations of multinational corporations is the fact that it must be able to demonstrate flexibility and responsiveness in the management of people. This is in recognition of the approach that there is a no one-size-fits-all approach towards managing organizational behavior and culture. Multinational corporations must be able to lay out their management styles and strategies depending on the country at which it has its operations. The organizational behavior must be adjusted to the context that it will prove to be appropriate to the organizational culture.In addition, there is also a need to manage the global company in such a way that teamwork is promoted despite the diversity of operations and that there is a promotion of inclusivity in the workplace in order to positively inf luence to attitudes and behaviors of the workforce. Control and coordination should be the focus of the people managing multinational corporations to be assured that the employee needs and requirements are being meant, in spite of the breadth nd scope of the operations of the firm. The right principles towards international management and organizational behavior should be strongly demonstrated in managing an organization in which more than one culture as involved, like inthe context of the operations of multinational corporations. In such case, diversity management is essential to promote a work environment which is conducive and productive (Arora, 2000).In some multinational corporations, even if it can be assumed that the operations are autonomous from each other, there is still a strong need in order to properly manage organizational behavior. As it has been discussed, the diversity of culture, same in the case of strategic alliances, should be one of the most significant highlig hts which should be prioritized by the management of the organization. There is a need to assure that there is a common vision across boundaries which separate operations. A unified goal is needed in order to get the workforce to act in such a way that the complexity of wide scale operations is minimized to an acceptable level. The ability of multinational corporations to create a globally integrated system will be largely dependent on its capacity to manage its operations, given the fact that it extends geographical boundaries. 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